Introduction: Working memory is one of the most fundamental cognitive processes underlying thinking and learning. Auditory and visual working memories have similar and different infrastructures that evolve in different ages. The aim of the present study was to investigate the evolution of auditory and visual working memory in primary school-aged children.Materials and methods: This comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 students from six grades of primary school selected by available sampling method. Auditory and visual working memory performances were assessed by N-back test. Two way ANOVAs was used for data analysis.Results: There was a significant relationship between auditory and visual working memories and aging (p<0.001). The performance speed increased with age in auditory task (p<0.001), while there was no significant difference in visual performance speed in different age groups. No meaningful relationship was found between gender and memory scores.Conclusion: The auditory and visual working memory performances improve with age in primary school children, suggesting functional maturation of underlying cognitive processes and brain areas, but gender does not affect the memory performance.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Background: With respect to the prevalence of head louse infestation and its known complications, the present study was conducted over the school-aged children in Shahriar in 1993 with the aim of identifying the infestation rate of head louse and the effects of several pediculocides such as Coop ex, Ectopar, and Cit. Materials and methods: First of all, in a descriptive study, 1921 children were randomly selected and observed for the detection of head louse at different stages of development. Then, in the second phase a clinical trial was performed on 48 infected children. They have been randomly selected out of 304 infected individuals and were treated with Coopex, Ectopar, or Cit. They were reexamined after a week. Results: The total infestation rate of 15.8% was achieved of which 8.2% were males and 24.3% were females. In females, long hair has increased the chance of infection by 2.4 times. Coopex powder (containing permethrin), Ectopar shampoo (containing gamma benzene), and Cit shampoo (containing pyrethmm) resulted in disinfecting of head louse in 18.8%, 56.2%, and 93.7% of the cases, respectively (p<0.0005). Conclusion: Further studies are strongly recommended in other parts of Iran. With respect to pediculocides- resistant head louse, employing stronger materials should be investigated.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.